Low Back Pain

Low Back Pain Overview

• The Lumbar Spine

  The lumbar spine (lower back) consists of five vertebrae in the lower part of the spine between the ribs and the pelvis. The bones (vertebrae) that form the spine in your back are cushioned by small discs. These discs are round and flat, with a tough, outer layer (annulus) that surrounds a jellylike material called the nucleus. Located between each of your vertebra in the spinal column, discs act as shock absorbers for the spinal bones. Thick ligaments attached to the vertebrae hold the pulpy disc material in place. Of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and roots, five lumbar (L1-L5) and five sacral (S1-S5) nerve pairs connect beginning in the area of your lower back.

• Common Causes of Low Back Pain

  • Herniated Disc
  • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
  • Osteoarthritis 

• When Surgery Is Necessary

  When conservative treatment for low back pain does not provide relief, surgery may be needed. You may be a candidate for surgery if:

  • Back and leg pain limits normal activity or impairs your quality of life
  • You develop progressive neurological deficits, such as leg weakness and/or numbness
  • You experience loss of normal bowel and bladder functions
  • You have difficulty standing or walking
  • Medication and physical therapy are ineffective
  • You are in reasonably good health

  If surgery is recommended, neurosurgeons have a variety of options available to help relieve pressure on the nerve roots. If there are several nerve roots and discs causing the pain or if there is degeneration and instability in the spinal column, the neurosurgeon may opt to fuse the vertebrae together with bone grafts and stabilize the vertebrae with instrumentation, including metal plates, screws, rods and cages. A successful fusion will prevent the disc from bulging or herniating again. Following a fusion procedure, a patient may gain restored mobility in the back, including the ability to bend over. He or she will most likely experience more mobility after surgery than before. In addition, the patient may require postoperative physical therapy.

  The benefits of surgery should always be weighed carefully against its risks. Although a large percentage of low back pain patients report significant pain relief after surgery, there is no guarantee that surgery will help every individual. 

• Conservative (Nonsurgical) Treatment Options

  Treatment options include physical therapy, back exercises, weight reduction, steroid injections (epidural steroids), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, rehabilitation and limited activity. All of these treatment options are aimed at relieving the inflammation in the back and irritation of nerve roots. Physicians usually recommend four to six weeks of conservative therapy before considering surgery.

  If low back pain occurs after a recent injury — such as a car accident, a fall or sports injury — you should call your primary-care physician immediately. If there are any neurological symptoms, you should seek medical care immediately. If there are no neurological problems (i.e. numbness, weakness, bowel and bladder dysfunction), you may benefit by beginning conservative treatment at home for two to three days. You may take anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or ibuprofen and restrict strenuous activities for a few days.

  If low back pain gets worse or does not improve after two to three days of home treatment, contact a primary-care physician. The physician can evaluate you and perform a neurological exam in the office to determine which nerve root is being irritated, as well as rule out other serious medical conditions. If there are clear signs that the nerve root is being compressed, your physician can prescribe medications to relieve the pain, swelling and irritation; he or she also may recommend limitation of activities. If these treatment options do not provide relief within two weeks, it may be time to consider other diagnostic studies and possibly surgery.

• Diagnosing Your Low Back Pain

  Diagnosis is made by a neurosurgeon based on your history, symptoms, a physical examination and the results of diagnostic studies, if necessary. Some patients may be treated conservatively and then undergo imaging studies if medication and physical therapy are ineffective. These tests may include:

  • Computed Tomography Scan (CT or CAT scan)
  • Discography
  • Electromyography (EMG)
  • Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Myleogram
  • Selective Nerve Root Block
  • X-rays